HIV Disease and AIDS

When a person with HIV disease becomes infected with a second strain of the virus -- usually through unprotected sex or the sharing of syringes or needles -- this is called coinfection (sometimes referred to as reinfection). Although the long-term effects of coinfection are still unclear, the concerns are real:

• If the partner who passes on the second infection has a different strain of HIV, your current medications may no longer be effective.
• The new HIV may be stronger than the first and might cause the disease to progress more quickly.

At the same time, the following precautions will help minimize your risk of coinfection by different strains of the virus. Taking these precautions may also help you lower your risk of catching other types of infections and putting more of a burden on your immune system.

If sexually active:

• Inform your sexual partner that you have HIV disease.
• Use condoms every time you have intercourse -- oral, vaginal or anal.
• Latex condoms should be used, not lambskin.
• There is a "right" and a "wrong" way to use condoms. Ask your doctor for guidelines.

If using injectable drugs:

• Avoid sharing drug "works", such as needles and syringes. Do not lend yours and do not borrow from others.

Should you spill or drip blood:

• Clean the surface with a strong bleach solution.
• If blood, semen or vaginal secretion gets on sheets or clothes, wash the items at high temperature (70ºC or 158ºF), with a disinfectant bleach, or have them dry cleaned.
• If blood, semen or vaginal secretion gets on disposable items, wrap them securely in a sealed trash bag and discard with the household garbage.

At the doctor or dentist:

• Inform any doctors or dentists you consult that you have HIV disease.

Everyday precautions:

• Do not share toothbrushes, razors, scissors, stiff hairbrushes or any other sharp instruments.
• Immediately cover any cuts or scratches with a bandage or dressing until the wound is fully healed.

Special occasions and instances:

• Do not donate blood.
• If undergoing electrolysis, acupuncture, ear or body piercing, or tattooing, ensure that any instruments used have been sterilized and will be sterilized after use.

For women only:

• If you are pregnant or considering becoming pregnant, please consult your physician.
• In North America, the risk of transmitting HIV disease to the fetus is around 25% to 30%. However, the risk of transmission may be lowered with the use of appropriate medical therapy.